Among physicians, nootropics are known as neurometabolic stimulants (smart drugs in the West).

They are used in many areas of medicine - neurology, psychology, surgery and others.

Nootropic drugs that improve the nutrition and blood circulation of the brain belong to the category of drugs that improve the activity of the higher mental functions of the brain:

memory;
perception;
speech;
thinking.

Pharmacological group

Nootropics are assigned to a separate pharmacological group (ATX code: N06ВХ).

The first open nootropic is considered (1963), which gave rise to a branch of "racetomes". He became the main competitor for psychostimulants, but at the same time did not have side effects (addictive, exhaustion, psychomotor agitation, intoxication), which the latter sinned. The new synthesized drug improved memory, attention, helped to concentrate better. At the dawn of its existence, the new drug was used to treat brain dysfunction in the elderly.

In 1972, a new designation was proposed - "nootropic". Piracetam is now known by the trade name . However, its mechanism of action is still not fully understood.

What is the therapeutic effect of drugs of the group

It ensures the work of the following mechanisms, due to which a positive effect is achieved from taking nootropics:

supports the energy structure of the neuron;
improves the main and conductive functions of the central nervous system;
activates the plastic function of the central nervous system;
improves metabolic processes (utilization of glucose);
stabilizes cell membranes;
reduces the neuron's need for oxygen;
has a neuroprotective effect.

Pharmacological properties and mechanism of action

The active substances of nootropics penetrate well through the myelin barrier of nerve fibers. In the neuron, there is an increase in metabolism, bioenergetic and bioelectrical processes, and neurotransmitter exchanges are accelerated.

In the nerve cell, the concentration of adenylate cyclase, norepinephrine increases; ATP is more actively produced (even in conditions of lack of oxygen), GABA, dopamine. The work and release of the serotonin mediator is faster, glucose is more efficiently utilized.

Due to these processes, the body receives a stimulating effect in relation to cognitive functions, for which nootropics received the additional name "cognition stimulants". In addition to positive changes in the nerve cell, neurostimulators improve microcirculation and blood flow in the brain.

Result of action and expected effect

Nootropic action leads to the following effects:

the mental function is activated;
memory improves;
consciousness is cleared;
increased physical strength;
there is an antidepressant effect;
there is a sedative effect;
fat burning occurs;
immunity is strengthened;
operational readiness is activated.

Classification of modern nootropics

There are a huge number of developed nootropic drugs around the world (the full list includes up to 132 items). In pharmacology, the following groups of drugs have been synthesized, which are subdivided according to their chemical composition:

Group of the pyrrolidine series("racetams"): Etiracetam; Oxiracetam; Pramiracetam.
Group derived from dimethylaminoethanol: Phenotropil; Deanol aceglumate; Meclofenoxate.
GABAergic: ; Picamilon; Phenibut.
Pyridoxine derivative group: Pyritinol; Biotredin.
Neuropeptides: Noopept; Semax; Selank.
Polypeptides: ; Cerebrolysin; Cerebramin.
Amino acids: ; Biotredin.
Group derived from 2-mercantobenzimidazole: ethylthiobenzimidazole hydrobromide (Bemitil).
Vitamin: Idebenone.

Drugs of the old and new generation

Nootropics are also divided into old and new generation groups. Old generation nootropics include drugs, discovered at the dawn of the synthesis of neurostimulators. This is the so-called. derivatives of the first open nootropic - ("racetams"). These include:

Oxiracetam;
Aniracetam;
Etiracetam;
Pramiracetam;
Dupracetam;
Rolziracetam;
Cebracetam;
Nefiracetam;
Isacetam;
Detiracetam.

With the advent of the 90s of the 20th century. opens a new page in the history of the development of nootropics. Modern drugs have a more flexible selective action and fewer side effects. Here is a list of the most popular new generation nootropics:

Phezam(improvement of cerebral circulation, protein and energy metabolism, has a vasodilating effect);
Phenylpiracetam(recovery after, improving attention, concentration, memory, improves the transfer of information between the hemispheres, anticonvulsant effect);
Noopept(restoration of memory and other lost cognitive functions, relief of anxiety, treatment of headaches);
Selank(relieves anxiety and stress, increased mental capacity, mood lift).

What is good for a Russian is death for a German

In the post-Soviet space, nootropics are associated with drugs that enhance "brain metabolism". However, in addition to the nootropic, these drugs also have a number of other therapeutic effects. Therefore, brain stimulants are also used as medicines for diseases of the brain.

Group drugs can be prescribed for the following disorders:

Basically, such treatment is experimental in nature and often leads to side effects and increased symptoms of certain diseases.

Consider the indications and contraindications for use for the most popular drugs in this group.

Piracetam

It is structurally similar to GABA. It has a neuroprotective and vascular effect. Indications for the use of piracetam:

cerebrovascular disease;
atherosclerosis of the brain;
coma;
violations of memory, attention,;
cardiac ischemia;
viral;
chronic alcoholism and drug addiction.

Despite the fact that in Western medicine this remedy is not medicinal, in Russia piracetam began to be used for therapeutic purposes in a number of diseases:

recovery after;
Down syndrome.

Contraindications to the use of the drug:

hypersensitivity to the drug;
violation of the kidneys;
pregnancy;
children's age up to 1 year;

New generation nootropic, which belongs to the group of so-called. "racetams". Stimulates motor reactions (similar to doping). It has an anticonvulsant and antiasthenic effect. Indications for use:

Contraindications for use: individual intolerance.

Semax

Domestic development belonging to the group of neuropeptide nootropics. Applies to the following cases:

increased adaptive capacity under stress;
prevention of psycho-emotional overload;
deterioration in concentration;
memory impairment;
recovery after craniocerebral operations;

There are the following contraindications:

hypersensitivity to nootropic components;
acute mental illness;
anxiety;
convulsions.

Side effects

Nootropics are a double-edged sword when it comes to brain function. Their reception in compliance with all instructions will have a beneficial effect. However, if you deviate even a step from the prescriptions of doctors, this can lead to an increase in the symptoms of the disease for which the drug is prescribed, or it can have a negative effect on cognitive functions.

Consider the pronounced side effects on the examples of the most popular drugs:

Piracetam. Side effects caused by this drug: deterioration of intellectual abilities; increased dementia; increased anxiety and irritability; sleep disturbance or drowsiness; decreased concentration; violation of the digestive tract (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea).
. Side effects caused by this drug are as follows: insomnia; psychomotor agitation; hyperemia of the skin; increase in pressure; feeling of warmth.
Semax. No side effects were found, except for irritation of the nasal mucosa with frequent use of the vial.

Application features

The thoughtless use of drugs of this group can lead to sad consequences. Therefore, the use of nootropics must be approached responsibly.

It should be remembered that a drug that stimulates brain activity should be used only after certain conditions are met.

The first thing to do is to consult with a neurologist. After a positive verdict is received from the doctor, you should prepare your body for taking the nootropic.

This preparation consists in a kind of laying the foundation on which the building of the effective action of the brain stimulator will be erected. This foundation is the fortification of the body, in which the necessary substances, when taking a nootropic, will reach the brain faster and more efficiently at the molecular level, which will allow the stimulant to be better absorbed. Vitaminization includes the following substances and natural complexes:

iron;
chlorophyll;
lecithin;
grapeine;
omega 3;
pycnogenol.

Dosages and schemes for taking nootropics from the TOP-3

The nuances of the use and dosage of popular nootropics.

He was the first

The beneficial effects of Piracetam appear only after long-term use. Excretion from the body through the kidneys. The course is 6-8 weeks at 1200-1400 mg / day.

Reception methods:

inside;
intramuscularly;
intravenously.

Release form:

capsules;
solution for intramuscular and intravenous administration;
oral solution;
syrup;
tablets.

After taking Phenotropil is quickly absorbed by the body and penetrates into all tissues. Excretion from the body is carried out through the kidneys and liver.

Reception methods:

inside;
orally.

Release form:

tablets 50 mg;
tablets 100 mg.

Domestic development

How to take Semax:

inside;
intranasally.

Release form: dropper bottle.

Golden Ten

Based on the reviews, we have compiled a list of the best nootropic drugs according to the people:

Efficiency not proven?

The attitude of the luminaries of medicine to nootropics is fanned with doubts and uncertainty. Countless clinical trials of nootropics are still being conducted, but this pharmacological group has not been able to gain a foothold in the status of drugs with proven efficacy.

Observations of specialists made it possible to draw a number of more or less stable conclusions regarding the following drugs:

What is there for children?

For children, there are special granules for making syrup. In pediatric practice, cases of the use of nootropics are known in cases of the following disorders:

cerebrosthenic;
encephalopathic;
memory impairment;
intellectual retardation.

Indications for the use of nootropics in childhood:

delayed intellectual development;
stress;
depression.

(stimulating);
Picamilon (stimulant);
Phenibut (sedative);
(sedative).

Side effects of nootropics

S. Yu. Shtrygol, Dr. med. Sciences, Professor, T. V. Kortunova, Ph.D. farm. Sciences, Associate Professor, D. V. Shtrygol, Ph.D. honey. Sciences, National Pharmaceutical University, Kharkov

The last 30 years have been marked by an increasing use of nootropics. The term "nootropic drug" (from the Greek noos thinking, mind; tropos desire) was proposed in 1972 by S. Giurgea (Dzhurgea) to refer to drugs that have a specific activating effect on the integrative functions of the brain, stimulate learning, memory and mental activities that increase the resistance of the brain to damaging factors, improve cortico-subcortical connections. Nootropics are also called neurometabolic cerebroprotectors, and in the English literature the term cognitive enhancer is often used.

The prototype of this group is piracetam, synthesized by Strubbe (pharmaceutical company UCB, Belgium) in 1963 and initially studied as an antikinetic drug. Only a few years later it turned out that piracetam facilitates learning processes and improves memory, but, unlike classical psychostimulants, does not cause such side effects as speech and motor arousal, depletion of the body's functionality with prolonged use, addiction and addiction. Based on these studies, S. Giurgea identified a new class of drugs nootropics in the classification of psychotropic drugs.

The nootropic concept has become the largest contribution to the development of psychopharmacology, both in applied and fundamental terms. In a short time, a significant number of drugs were created that are used primarily to correct disturbed memory functions, as well as to reduce the level of vital activity that occurs with many diseases and extreme effects. Nootropics are also indicated for disorders of adaptation and mental activity during aging, including presenile and senile dementia. As M. Windish emphasizes, dementia occupies a special place in the list of indications, since in industrialized countries an increasingly important problem is the rapid increase in the elderly part of the population and the increase in the frequency of diseases associated with age.

In addition, nootropics are used for disorders of cerebral circulation, intoxication (including alcohol), withdrawal symptoms, sleep deprivation, fatigue, asthenic and depressive conditions after traumatic brain injuries and neuroinfections, as well as for correcting the side effects of psychopharmacotherapy (in the treatment of neuroleptics, antidepressants, psychostimulants). In pediatric practice, nootropic drugs are used to treat cerebrovascular disease, encephalopathy, intellectual disability, disorders that develop in premature babies as a result of intrauterine hypoxia and other damaging effects.

A feature of nootropics is the possibility of their use not only by sick people, but also by healthy people in extreme situations to relieve mental fatigue, improve mental performance.

In general, nootropic drugs are characterized by relatively low toxicity and relatively infrequent development of undesirable effects. According to OA Gromova, the latter are observed in slightly more than 5% of patients, but the widespread use of these drugs requires systematization of knowledge of their side effects. However, first it is necessary to dwell on the classification of nootropic drugs.

Nootropics include numerous drugs with different chemical structures and mechanisms of action. This circumstance alone makes it difficult to classify them. In addition, for a number of drugs, memory improvement is the leading pharmacological effect (they are sometimes referred to as "true" nootropics, such as piracetam and its analogues). For most drugs, nootropic action is only one of the components of pharmacodynamics. So, many GABAergic drugs, along with nootropics, have anxiolytic, sedative, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant, antihypoxic effects (even such terms as "nootropic agent", "tranquilonotropic" etc.). The nootropic effect may be associated with an improvement in cerebral circulation (vinpocetine, nicergoline and other cerebrovasoactive drugs). Such polyvalent preparations are sometimes referred to as "Neuroprotectors".

The most complete classification of drugs with nootropic activity (about 100 drugs) is given by T. A. Voronina and S. B. Seredenin (1998). Their main groups are presented in the table.

Table. Basic drugs with nootropic action

Group	Preparations
Pyrrolidone derivatives (racetams)	Piracetam, Aniracetam, Pramiracetam, Oxiracetam, Etiracetam, Nefiracetam, etc.
Drugs that enhance cholinergic processes	Amiridin, tacrine, gliatilin
GABAergic drugs	Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, Pantogam, Picamilon, Phenibut, Sodium Hydroxybutyrate
Glutamatergic drugs	Glycine, memantine
Neuropeptides and their analogues	Semax, cerebrolysin
Antioxidants and membrane protectors	meclofenoxate, mexidol, pyritinol
ginkgo biloba preparations	Bilobil, tanakan, memoplant
Calcium channel blockers	Nimodipine, cinnarizine
Cerebral vasodilators	Vinpocetine, nicergoline, instenon

pyrrolidone derivatives

Considering the side effects of nootropic drugs, let's start with the historically first group - pyrrolidone derivatives, or racetams. Today, more than 1,500 substances of this structure have been obtained, but only about 12 drugs are used in medical practice. The multicomponent mechanism of their action includes not only activation of energy metabolism, increased synthesis of RNA, protein, phospholipids, facilitation of cholinergic transmission, but also improved blood circulation in the brain.

The main and most commonly used representative of this group is piracetam. Its side effects are rare and mainly in the mentally ill. These effects include dizziness, tremors, nervousness, irritability. Sleep disturbances are possible mainly insomnia, less often drowsiness. Due to the risk of sleep disturbances, piracetam should not be taken at night. In isolated cases, when using piracetam, sexual arousal is noted. Sometimes there are dyspeptic phenomena: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain. In elderly patients, exacerbation of coronary insufficiency is occasionally possible. In such cases, it is recommended to reduce the dose or stop taking the drug.

Piracetam is contraindicated in acute renal failure, pregnancy (especially in the first trimester), breastfeeding (stop for the duration of treatment), in infancy (up to 1 year). According to the data summarized by A.P. Kiryushchenkov and M.L. Tarakhovskiy, G.V. Kovalev, the effect of piracetam and many other nootropic agents on the fetus has not been studied enough, although experimental data indicate the absence of embryotoxicity and teratogenicity. Obviously, in-depth studies are needed, including elucidation of the possible long-term effects of the long-term effect of piracetam on the fetus. At the same time, there are indications of a positive effect of high doses of piracetam (up to 3-10 g) on distress syndrome in newborns (the drug was administered intravenously to parturient women).

Relative contraindications associated with the side effects of piracetam are states of psychomotor agitation (manic, hebephrenic, catatonic, hallucinatory-paranoid, psychopathic). Special care is needed when deciding whether to prescribe piracetam to patients with increased convulsive readiness, as well as in severe diseases of the cardiovascular system with severe arterial hypotension. There are indications that it is not advisable to prescribe the drug to children with diabetes mellitus, with a history of allergic reactions to the use of fruit juices, essences, etc. When treating with piracetam in granules, it is recommended to exclude sweets from the diet.

Drugs that enhance cholinergic processes

Currently, this group of nootropics is developing most rapidly, since it is with it that progress in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease is associated. The use of classical pyrrolidone drugs in this disease usually brings only a temporary effect, followed by a rapidly progressive decline in memory and intelligence. Since the mechanisms of mnestic disorders in Alzheimer's disease are mainly associated with a deficiency of cholinergic transmission in the brain, the use of drugs that enhance it has the greatest positive effect. The leading place today is occupied by anticholinesterase drugs, namely amyridine and tacrine. They contribute to the accumulation of acetylcholine due to the inhibition of the cholinesterase enzyme that destroys it.

Amiridin has not only central, but also peripheral anticholinergic action. Therefore, its relatively infrequent side effects include hypersalivation, nausea, vomiting, increased peristalsis, diarrhea, and bradycardia. In addition, the drug may cause dizziness.

Amyridine is contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity, as well as in diseases where increased cholinergic transmission is associated with a risk of worsening the condition: epilepsy, extrapyramidal and vestibular disorders, angina pectoris, bradycardia, peptic ulcer. In addition, amyridine should not be prescribed during pregnancy and lactation.

Tacrine has more known side effects. The frequency is dominated by ataxia (discoordination of movements, instability), anorexia (loss of appetite), abdominal cramps, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and hepatotoxic effects. Less common side effects from the cardiovascular system (bradycardia or tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmias, arterial hyper- or hypotension), hypersalivation, rhinitis, sweating, skin rash, swelling of the feet and ankles, fainting. In isolated cases, there are bronchial obstruction (difficulty breathing, a feeling of pressure in the chest, cough), changes in mood and psyche (aggressiveness, irritability), extrapyramidal disorders (stiffness and trembling of the limbs), obstruction of the urinary tract (difficulty urinating).

The list of contraindications to the appointment of tacrine is quite large. Along with hypersensitivity to this drug or other acridine derivatives, it includes bronchial asthma, arterial hypotension, bradycardia, sick sinus syndrome, epilepsy, head injuries with loss of consciousness, increased intracranial pressure (in this case, the development of convulsive syndrome is facilitated), obstruction of the gastrointestinal intestinal tract or urinary tract, liver dysfunction (even in history), Parkinson's disease and symptomatic parkinsonism, peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum.

Antagonists of anticholinesterase drugs are m-cholinergic blockers. However, the use of the latter for the correction of side effects cannot be considered justified, since the blockade of cholinergic receptors in the brain aggravates mnestic disorders in Alzheimer's disease. It is advisable to select doses of anticholinesterase agents that are well tolerated by patients.

Another approach to enhance cholinergic transmission involves increasing the synthesis of the mediator acetylcholine. This mechanism of action is gliatilin (choline alfoscerate). In the body, it is broken down into choline and glycerophosphate. Choline is used for the synthesis of acetylcholine, and glycerophosphate is used for the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine in neuronal membranes. Unlike anticholinesterase drugs, gliatilin is almost devoid of side effects. May cause nausea, apparently associated with the activation of dopaminergic transmission and, if necessary, eliminated by antiemetic drugs (metoclopramide, etc.). Allergic reactions to gliatilin are extremely rare. It is contraindicated in case of individual hypersensitivity, it is not recommended for use during pregnancy and lactation.

GABAergic drugs

The mechanisms of the nootropic effect exerted by GABAergic substances are associated both with an increase in energy processes in the brain (activation of Krebs cycle enzymes, an increase in glucose utilization by brain cells), and with an improvement in cerebral blood flow, its autoregulation. The GABAergic component is also inherent in the mechanism of action of piracetam, which can be considered as a cyclic analogue of GABA.

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (aminalon, gammalon) usually well tolerated. Only sometimes such side effects as a feeling of heat, insomnia, nausea, vomiting, dyspeptic disorders, fluctuations in blood pressure (in the first days of treatment, are associated with the vasoactive properties of GABA), an increase in body temperature are possible. When the dose is reduced, these phenomena usually pass quickly. This drug is contraindicated in case of hypersensitivity to it.

Using pantogam (hopantenic acid) allergic reactions (rhinitis, conjunctivitis, skin rash) are possible, disappearing with the withdrawal of the drug. Pantogam is contraindicated in severe acute kidney disease, as well as in the first trimester of pregnancy.

When prescribing picamilon, which predominantly intensifies the GABA metabolic shunt, irritability, agitation, anxiety, dizziness, headache, mild nausea are possible. In these cases, you need to reduce the dose. Occasionally, an allergic rash and itching of the skin occur, requiring discontinuation of the drug. Contraindications, along with individual intolerance, are acute and chronic kidney disease.

Phenibut, due to increased inhibitory GABA-ergic processes, can cause such a side effect as drowsiness during the first doses. Sometimes allergic reactions are noted. Contraindicated in case of individual intolerance, liver failure.

sodium oxybutyrate, combining nootropic, antihypoxic, hypothermic, sedative, hypnotic, anesthetic effects, has side effects most often with rapid intravenous administration. The drug is capable of causing motor excitation, convulsive twitching of the limbs and tongue, even cases of respiratory arrest are known. Therefore, a slow introduction of sodium hydroxybutyrate into a vein is necessary. During recovery from anesthesia, motor and speech excitation is possible. When used in high doses, it sometimes causes nausea and vomiting. Some patients experience daytime sleepiness. With prolonged use of large doses of the drug, hypokalemia may develop (the corrector for this side effect is potassium chloride, asparkam, panangin).

Contraindications to the use of sodium oxybutyrate are hypokalemia, myasthenia gravis (due to the muscle relaxant property), epilepsy, severe arterial hypertension, eclampsia, delirium tremens. It should not be prescribed for glaucoma. Due to the hypnosedative effect, sodium oxybutyrate should not be used during the daytime for people whose work requires a quick physical or mental reaction.

Glutamatergic drugs

The glutamatergic system plays one of the important roles in the implementation of synaptic plasticity and higher integrative functions of the brain, including the processes of learning and memory. Therefore, it is being intensively studied as a target for pharmacological action. Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter, and glutamate receptors (particularly NMDA receptors) are increasingly involved in the mechanisms of memory impairment in various CNS diseases.

Glycine, which is a non-essential amino acid and affects the glycine site of the NMDA receptor, is well tolerated and has virtually no side effects. This drug can be considered contraindicated only in case of individual intolerance.

Memantine, a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, along with a nootropic effect, has a neuroprotective effect, is able to correct movement disorders in various lesions of the brain and spinal cord. The drug can cause a number of side effects from the central nervous system. These include dizziness, anxiety, including motor anxiety, a feeling of fatigue, heaviness in the head. In addition, nausea is sometimes possible. Contraindications to the appointment of memantine are confusion and severe renal dysfunction, since this slows down the excretion of the drug.

Neuropeptides and their analogues

The peptidergic direction of memory correction is also promising. A significant number of drugs of this group are being developed, many of which, obviously, will soon appear on the pharmaceutical market. Let us dwell on two drugs semax and cerebrolysin.

Semax is a synthetic analogue of adrenocorticotropic hormone, but lacks hormonal activity. This drug, used intranasally, exhibits nootropic and adaptogenic effects. The drug is well tolerated, there is no information about its side effects. Semax is contraindicated during pregnancy, breastfeeding, acute psychotic conditions.

Cerebrolysin is a complex of neuropeptides (15%) with a molecular weight of not more than 10,000 daltons, free amino acids (85%) and trace elements (O. A. Gromova, 2000) obtained from the brain of young pigs. It has been used as a neuroprotector and nootropic for over 20 years. Recently, it has been proven that the neuroprotective activity of cerebrolysin is associated mainly with the peptide fraction. The drug has a multimodal effect increases the intensity of energy metabolism, protein synthesis in the brain, exhibits anti-radical, membrane-protective and neurotrophic activity, inhibits the release of excitatory amino acids (glutamate), improves cerebral blood flow.

Cerebrolysin shows good tolerance. Its side effects are infrequent and are represented by an increase in body temperature (pyrogenic reaction), which occurs mainly with rapid intravenous administration. Therefore, it is necessary to administer the drug intravenously by drip.

Cerebrolysin is contraindicated in acute renal failure, in the first trimester of pregnancy, in convulsive conditions, including epilepsy, and allergic diathesis. It should be noted that this drug is one of the few highly effective neuroprotectors that can be used in neuropediatric practice and even prescribed to newborns.

Considering cerebrolysin, one should dwell on such a brain hydrolyzate containing neuropeptides as cerebrolysate. The latter cannot be considered an analogue of Cerebrolysin either in terms of composition or pharmacotherapeutic efficacy and safety. Cerebrolysate obtained from the brain of adult cows contains high molecular weight neuropeptide fractions. It carries a potential danger due to the possibility of transmission of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy virus ("rabies" of cows), which causes an incurable neurodegenerative disease in humans - Creutzfeld's disease. Cerebrolysate should not be injected into a vein, and when administered intramuscularly, it often causes severe irritation. The appointment of cerebrolysate to children is unacceptable.

Antioxidants and membrane protectors

Free radical processes that damage the neuron membrane are involved in the basic mechanisms of synaptic plasticity disorders, memory and learning processes. Many nootropics have a multicomponent mechanism of action, including anti-radical properties. However, such drugs as mexidol, meclofenoxate, pyritinol have a particularly pronounced antioxidant effect.

Since 1993, Mexidol has been used in the clinic, which contains a residue of succinic acid and has a pronounced nootropic and neuroprotective activity. Along with antioxidant and membrane-protective action (inhibition of free-radical oxidation processes, activation of superoxide dismutase, lipid-regulating properties), it increases the intensity of cerebral blood flow, inhibits platelet aggregation, modulates GABA-, benzodiazepine- and cholinergic transmission. The drug is well tolerated and rarely side effects, which include nausea, dry mouth, drowsiness (the latter mainly when using high doses). Mexidol is contraindicated in acute disorders of the liver and kidneys. The experiment did not reveal embryotoxic, teratogenic, mutagenic effects of the drug.

Meclofenoxate (Cerutil) also well tolerated, only occasionally causing sleep disturbances (therefore, it is not recommended to take the drug later than 16 hours), anxiety, slight pain in the stomach, heartburn, increased appetite. In rare cases, allergic skin reactions are possible. A feature of meclofenoxate is the ability to exacerbate psychotic symptoms (delusions, hallucinations in which the drug is contraindicated), as well as contribute to the emergence of fear and anxiety. It is not recommended to prescribe the drug with a pronounced state of anxiety and arousal. With regard to pregnancy, meclofenoxate can be used if there is a strong indication.

Pyritinol (pyriditol, encephabol), which is a molecule of pyridoxine (vitamin B6, which has an antihypoxic effect) doubled with the help of a disulfide bridge, is devoid of vitamin activity. It exhibits pronounced nootropic properties in combination with antidepressant and sedative effects, being a low-toxic drug. Comparatively infrequent side effects include nausea, headache, insomnia, irritability, in children - psychomotor agitation, sleep disturbance. In such cases, the dose of the drug is reduced, do not prescribe it in the evening. In addition, in some cases, there may be a decrease in appetite, a change in taste, cholestasis, an increase in the level of transaminases, dizziness, fatigue, leukopenia, joint pain, lichen planus, skin allergic reactions, hair loss.

Pyriditol is contraindicated in severe psychomotor agitation, convulsive conditions, including epilepsy, severe liver and kidney dysfunction. Contraindications also include changes in the composition of the blood (leukopenia), autoimmune diseases, fructose intolerance (for oral suspension).

ginkgo biloba preparations

Standardized extracts of the relict gymnosperm Ginkgo biloba ( bilobil, memoplant, tanakan etc.) contain a composition of flavonoids, in particular amentoflavone and ginkgetin, flavone glycosides, diterpene lactones and alkaloids. Along with these components, in the studies of O. A. Gromova et al. in the extract of ginkgo (bilobil) neuroactive elements were found magnesium, copper, manganese, selenium, high activity of superoxide dismutase was revealed.

These drugs have a complex of valuable pharmacological properties, providing an antioxidant effect, enhancing energy metabolism in the brain, increasing the sensitivity of m-cholinergic receptors to acetylcholine, weakening the activation of NMDA receptors, reducing cerebral edema, improving blood rheology and microcirculation. Usually, ginkgo extracts allowed for over-the-counter sales are well tolerated - the frequency of side effects, according to O. A. Gromova, is about 1.7%. These isolated cases manifest themselves in the form of self-limited dyspepsia, even less often in the form of headache and allergic skin rash.

However, the side effect of ginkgo preparations, such as hemorrhages, is little known and not included in the reference books. In the review by A. V. Astakhova, summarizing the data of clinical observations, cases of intracranial hemorrhages and postoperative bleeding after laparoscopic cholecystectomy are given. Apparently, these complications are associated with the effect of ginkgolides, which inhibit the platelet activating factor and reduce their aggregation. The risk of bleeding increases in surgical patients who are advised to stop taking ginkgo preparations at least 36 hours before surgery. Obviously, the combination of these drugs with various antithrombotic agents (antiplatelet agents, anticoagulants, fibrinolytics) should be avoided, since they can increase the risk of hemorrhages. It is also inappropriate to use ginkgo preparations, including as part of various food supplements, in patients with thrombocytopenia, thrombocytopathies.

Ginkgo preparations are contraindicated in case of individual hypersensitivity. Their appointment is not recommended during pregnancy and lactation, as well as in childhood.

Calcium channel blockers

An increase in intracellular calcium concentration plays an important role in the mechanisms of memory impairment, ischemic damage, and apoptosis of neurons. In this regard, calcium channel blockers, which mainly improve cerebral blood flow and are used in cerebral ischemia, also have a proper nootropic effect, the mechanism of which remains not fully understood. Among the numerous "anti-calcium" drugs, nimodipine and cinnarizine demonstrate the greatest affinity for cerebral vessels and the nootropic component of pharmacodynamics. The relatively good tolerability of calcium channel blockers is explained by the wide breadth of their therapeutic action.

The efficacy of nimodipine in patients with dementia has been confirmed in at least 15 controlled clinical trials. Unlike acute cerebral ischemia and subarachnoid hemorrhages, when nimodipine is used by injection, in dementia, the drug is used in tablets. The spectrum of its side effects is quite wide. Lowering of arterial pressure (due to systemic vasodilation) and dizziness lead in frequency. In addition, the drug can cause dyspepsia, headache, attention and sleep disturbances, psychomotor agitation, a feeling of heat and redness of the face, sweating, less often tachycardia, thrombocytopenia, angioedema and skin rash.

Nimodipine is contraindicated in pregnancy and lactation, severe liver dysfunction, cerebral edema. Great care must be taken when deciding whether to prescribe the drug to patients with low blood pressure, increased intracranial pressure. You can not use nimodipine during work to persons whose profession is associated with the need for a high concentration of attention (drivers, etc.)

It should be borne in mind that various antihypertensive drugs enhance the hypotensive effect of nimodipine, and β-blockers, in addition, potentiate the negative inotropic effect and, in combination with nimodipine, can decompensate the work of the heart.

Cinnarizine (stugeron) is a popular drug that improves cerebral circulation and has nootropic and vestibuloprotective properties, as well as antihistamine activity. With good tolerance, it can sometimes cause side effects such as dry mouth, drowsiness, headache, extrapyramidal disorders, weight gain, dyspepsia, cholestatic jaundice, allergic reactions (despite the antihistamine effect). Some women with long-term treatment with cinnarizine have polymenorrhea, so in such cases it is advisable to cancel it on the days of menstruation.

Contraindications, with the exception of individual intolerance, have not been established. Drowsiness, dry mouth, and gastrointestinal disturbances do not require discontinuation of cinnarizine; it is usually sufficient to reduce the dose of the drug. Since cinnarizine mainly dilates cerebral vessels and has little effect on other vascular pools, at therapeutic doses it practically does not reduce blood pressure, but in patients with severe hypotension, it is recommended to take the drug at a reduced dose. Apparently, care should be taken when prescribing cinnarizine to patients with parkinsonism, since there is a risk of exacerbating extrapyramidal disorders. When using the drug, it is advisable to avoid driving a car, since drowsiness with reduced attention is possible.

Cerebral vasodilators

The drugs of this group have different mechanisms and multifaceted neuro- and psychopharmacological effects. Their nootropic effect, as already noted, is largely a consequence of improved cerebral circulation, although other ways of its implementation are possible. Thus, vinpocetine (Cavinton) is able to block NMDA receptors, inhibit calcium and sodium channels, inhibit cAMP phosphodiesterase, increase the neurophysiological parameter of long-term potentiation (long-term potentiation), which indicates an increase in the plasticity of neuronal transmission.

Vinpocetine (Cavinton), obtained from the small periwinkle, has been used for about 30 years. It causes almost no side effects. Unlike the vinca alkaloid devincan, vinpocetine lacks a sedative effect. Usually, when it is used, the level of wakefulness and the parameters of systemic hemodynamics are preserved. Sometimes there is a temporary decrease in blood pressure due to vasodilation and baroreflex tachycardia. Therefore, parenteral administration of the drug is contraindicated in severe coronary heart disease and cardiac arrhythmias. In addition, Cavinton is contraindicated during pregnancy. Its combination with heparin is undesirable, since the risk of bleeding increases.

The use of the α-blocker nicergoline can be accompanied by a variety of side effects, but their frequency is low. It should be noted that with an increase in the duration of the course of treatment, they are less common. More often than others, erythema, a feeling of heat with reddening of the skin of the face, fatigue, sleep disturbances, decreased appetite, nausea, increased acidity of gastric juice and abdominal pain (stopped by antacids), diarrhea occur. Orthostatic hypotension is less common (due to the risk of which, after the injection of nicergoline, the patient must lie down for some time). It is possible to enhance the effects of antihypertensive drugs, anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents and alcohol.

Contraindications to the use of nicergoline are bleeding, recent myocardial infarction, arterial hypotension, severe bradycardia, pregnancy and lactation. You can not combine this drug with other α-blockers, as well as with β-blockers in order to avoid increasing adverse effects on the circulatory system.

Instenon, which is a combination of three components - hexobendin, etamivan and etophylline, has recently attracted attention not only as a corrector of cerebral circulation, but also as a drug with proper nootropic properties. Compared with previous cerebrovascular drugs, it is somewhat more likely to show side effects, especially when administered intravenously. The frequency of their occurrence is about 4%. There may be a pronounced decrease in blood pressure, tachycardia, headaches due to increased intracranial pressure, discomfort in the heart, flushing of the face. Therefore, intravenous administration should be only drip and very slow (within 3 hours), and the appearance of these symptoms requires the infusion to be stopped. With intramuscular injections, and even more so when using tablets, side effects are less common. It is necessary to take into account the ability of instenon to enhance the antiplatelet effect of acetylsalicylic acid, which is fraught with hemorrhagic complications.

The drug is contraindicated in epilepsy, increased intracranial pressure, cerebral hemorrhage. During pregnancy and lactation, it is permissible to use it only under strict indications.

In conclusion of the review of the side effects of the most commonly used nootropic drugs, it should be emphasized that their prevention and correction, taking into account contraindications and adverse drug interactions by doctors and pharmacists are an important reserve for improving the safety of pharmacotherapy.

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The modern rhythm of life is easily unsettling. Large loads at work, study negatively affect the state of the nervous system. To improve performance, there are special drugs that stimulate the human body and increase productivity. Nootropic drugs have been created for people who have had traumatic brain injury and stroke. But, often, they are prescribed to healthy people to improve brain function and relieve stress on the nervous system. We have compiled a rating of the best new generation nootropics that deserve respect and trust. .

The best nootropic drugs without additional effects

Nootropil is the best new generation nootropic drug, which is most often prescribed to patients experiencing memory problems. It stimulates certain parts of the brain and improves its activity. Nootropil is sold both in tablets and in solution for intravenous administration. Doctors recommend the use of a nootropic drug, not only for medical reasons, but also as a preventive measure, especially in those moments when the level of stress is very high. It does not dilate blood vessels, which is very good for teenagers and students who plan to improve brain activity during exams.

Pros:

Can be used for increased mental stress. For example, during exams, when stress and brain activity have the maximum effect on the nervous system;
Protects brain cells from hypoxia;
Can be given to students
Reduces stress levels, increases concentration and attention levels.

Minuses:

Do not apply to people with renal insufficiency and after a cerebral hemorrhage;
Improvements begin to be felt only after two weeks of use.

Speaking in official language, Cavinton (Vinpocetine) is in the category of drugs that improve blood circulation in the brain. But in terms of its chemical composition, it is also one of the best new generation nootropics. The medicine can be used for a wide range of diseases, as well as in preventive measures to increase brain activity.

Pros:

Reduces stress levels and improves brain activity;
Can be used to improve concentration:
Sold in tablets and liquid form.

Minuses:

For older people with heart rhythm disturbances, it is not recommended.

Pantogam is the best new generation nootropic drug developed on the basis of herbs. It has a positive effect on brain activity, improves thought processes and allows you to concentrate. The manufacturer claims that Pantogam is suitable even for children, especially schoolchildren during the exams. Doctors also recommend this nootropic for people who are under stress and at the level of nervous exhaustion.

Pros:

Effective drug;
Suitable for children;
Based on herbs.

Minuses:

Do not use for kidney problems, pregnant and breastfeeding mothers.

The best new generation nootropic Semax will appeal to buyers who do not like to swallow pills, and even more so, inject the drug intravenously. It is instilled into the nose and acts on proteins that interact with the nervous system. The drug begins to act immediately, immediately after the introduction, an improvement in concentration is felt and the level of stress decreases. Semax is the best nootropic drug developed according to the most modern requirements.

Pros:

Convenient input method;
Effective for 24 hours after a single injection.

Minuses:

Do not use during pregnancy and lactation, and also not recommended for people suffering from acute psychosis.

Nootropic drugs include a large group of psychotropic drugs that help a person get rid of numerous effects on his nervous system. The newest nootropics are devoid of many of the dangerous side effects that were characteristic of the first generation of medicines, and are considered quite safe.

Modern nootropic drugs (neurometabolic stimulants) or simply nootropics are a large group of drugs that have such an effect on the brain when its mental functions improve. As a result, the action of these drugs activates the thinking and memory ability (cognitive functions), increases the resistance of the brain to the influence of negative exogenous factors - lack of oxygen, polluted atmosphere, toxins, stress and emotional overload, traumatic impact. In other words, they have an important ability to reduce neurological deficits.

The basic principle of action of nootropics is based on their active participation in the metabolism and biological energy of neurons, and is also carried out by influencing the mediators of neuroprocesses in the brain. In particular, they increase the level of adenylate cyclase in nerve cells and accelerate the production of ATP, which significantly affects cellular energy. The effect on the production of RNA and some protein substances leads to an acceleration of plastic processes in the nervous system.

As a result of a series of metabolic transformations, serotonin is released, which is a catalyst for intracellular potassium and calcium ions. Adenosine triphosphoric acid helps maintain the rate of metabolic processes in oxygen deficiency, which reduces the risk of oxygen starvation. Finally, nootropics optimize glucose utilization.

The best nootropics can have the following effects:

Stabilization of membranes due to the normalization of phospholipid and protein synthesis, as well as streamlining the structure of membrane cells.
Antioxidant capacity as a result of slowing down the formation of free radicals and lipid oxidation.
The antihypoxic effect is due to a decrease in oxygen consumption.
Neuroprotection is characterized by an increase in the resistance of neurons to the action of aggressive exogenous factors.
Improving blood microcirculation by improving the penetration of red blood cells through the vascular walls and blocking the production of platelets.
Improving electrophysiological patterns, which provides easier signal transmission between the hemispheres, increasing the level of wakefulness and the power of the EEG of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. This ultimately leads to the optimization of integrative brain function.
Optimization of the control of cortico-subcortical processes, information exchange between brain regions, formation of a memory imprint. These effects provide an improvement in mindfulness, mental response, memory, perception of information, and contributes to an increase in intelligence and cognitive functions.

When are nootropics prescribed?

Neotropic drugs were developed to correct brain dysfunctions and were intended mainly for the elderly. The development of pharmacology in this direction has made it possible to significantly expand the capabilities of nootropics, which makes it possible to use them in various branches of medicine (neurology, psychiatry, pediatrics, surgery, gynecology, etc.).

Dementia of various types, incl. in Alzheimer's disease, vascular and senile pathologies.
Cerebrovascular pathologies of a chronic nature.
Syndrome of psychoorganic defeat.
Post-traumatic syndrome caused by circulatory disorders as a result of damage to the skull.
Severe intoxication.
Diseases caused by the penetration of neuroinfection.
Deviations of the intellectual-mnestic, asthenic, depressive nature.
neurotic disorders.
Dystonia of the vegetative-vascular system.
Chronic alcoholism and associated pathologies such as encephalopathy, abstinence.
Lagging mental development.

A child, like an adult, in some cases needs psychotropic therapy. Nootropic drugs for children are recalled in pediatrics with amino acid deficiency, leading to a deterioration in protein synthesis and, in general, to a violation of metabolic processes. The reasons for the appointment of such funds are the following circumstances - a significant lag in the mental and speech development of the child; a noticeable deviation in mental development; signs of congenital, perinatal disorders of the nervous system; cerebral paralysis; pronounced signs of attention deficit disorder.

Neotropics of the new generation cope well with some other diseases that are affected by processes occurring in the brain. According to the decision of a specialist, nootropics can be used in such conditions:

Elimination of manifestations of neuroleptic syndrome. Hopantenic acid, Pantogam and other drugs can be used.
Treatment of stuttering and hyperkinesis. The drug Phenibut is effective.
In case of violations in the urinary organs, Pantogam may be prescribed.
Glycine helps fight chronic insomnia.
For migraines, Pyritinol or Semax is recommended.
Such an unpleasant phenomenon as motion sickness and "seasickness" can be treated with Phenibut.
Complex therapy of ophthalmic problems often includes the use of Nicotinoil.

When Problems Might Occur

Nootropics also have contraindications in circumstances where their use can cause negative consequences. They can not be taken with individual intolerance to the main active substance or any additional ingredient of the drug; severe course of renal failure, both in acute and chronic form; at the acute stage of hemorrhagic stroke; congenital chorea of Hettington associated with a degenerative lesion of the central nervous system. Only in exceptional cases is it possible to prescribe drugs to pregnant women and nursing mothers. With extreme caution, nootropics are given to young children and only after reaching 1 year.

New nootropics are fairly well tolerated by patients. However, individual reactions are possible in the form of such side effects - the appearance of an incomprehensible anxious feeling; temporary insomnia at night and craving for sleep during the day; irritability; jumps in blood pressure; dyspeptic disorders; allergic reactions of various kinds. In elderly people, when taking nootropics, in rare cases, cardiological problems are recorded, in particular, heart failure.

What are the drugs

The list of nootropics includes many drugs divided into groups that differ in chemical composition, direction, and mechanism of action. The following main categories are distinguished.

Stimulators of metabolic processes in neurons:

Based on gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The main representatives are Phenibut, Picamilon and Aminalon. Hopantenic acid is considered an analogue.
Compounds based on pyrrolidone (racetam). The most common drugs are Piracetam and Phenylpiracetam. Derivatives such as Aniracetam, Oxiracetam and Pramiracetam may be prescribed.
Pantothenic acid derivatives - Pantogam.
When using the active substance dimethylaminoethanol, Acefen and Centrophenoxine are produced. Popular drugs such as Phenotropil and Meclofenoxate have gained popularity.
Preparations containing amino acids and peptides. The most famous are Glycine, Actovegin, Biotredin and Cerebrolysin. Popular neuropeptides - Noopept, Semax, Selank. Polypeptides include Cortexin, Cerebramin.

Drugs to reduce the effects of hypoxia. The best remedy is hydroxymethylethylpyridine succinate.

Nootropics with the effect of vitamin-like substances or adaptogens. These include funds based on folic and succinic acids, vitamins E and B15, ginseng root. Idebenone stands out in this category.

Preparations for the normalization of the state of blood vessels (vasotropes). They help to get rid of cerebral problems. Stand out - Instenon, Cinnarizine. Vinpocetine may be prescribed.

Memory improvement is achieved using nootropics of the following subgroups:

cholinomimetic and anticholesterase drugs - Amiridin and Choline;
hormonal type drugs - Corticotropin, ACTH, as well as a number of drugs related to endorphins and enkephalins.

A significant difference in the effectiveness of nootropics is found when considering such a feature as the time of their development. Older designs or first-generation drugs continue to be used, but they have an increased risk of side effects. These funds are mainly derivatives of Piracetam - most of the racetams.

The most popular drugs

Currently, depending on the type of psychogenic deviation, first and second generation nootropics are used, as well as tools from the latest developments. You can make an indicative list of the most popular nootropic drugs:

Piracetam or similar products (Lucetam, Nootropil). The form of introduction into the body - tablets for oral administration, intramuscular injections and intravenous droppers. The most characteristic effects are the normalization of metabolic processes and blood circulation. Given that Piracetam belongs to the first generation of drugs, side effects such as an increase in platelet levels, leading to a deterioration in blood clotting, can be expected.
Pramiracetam is available in tablet form. Although it belongs to the old developments, it has high cognitive properties, which helps to improve memory. Possesses sedative abilities. Can be used for a long course of therapy. The drug should not be taken in renal failure.
Cavinton. Analogues are Neurovin and Vinpocetine. In addition to neuralgia, this drug is recommended for certain ophthalmic pathologies and hearing problems. The course of admission is quite long - 2-7 months. During the acute phase of the disease, it is administered by injection, and as the disease weakens, the transition to tablets is made.
Phenibut. You can use its analogues - Bifren and Noobut. Release form - tablets, powder for injection solutions, capsules. This nootropic is effective for increasing mental response and physical performance, relieving stress, getting rid of anxious feelings and phobias, and improving sleep quality. It is prescribed for hypoxia. Useful when traveling on water, because. eliminates the effect of pitching. The course of treatment lasts 30-40 days. The drug should not be taken simultaneously with sedative drugs and sleeping pills.
Hopantenic acid (often sold under the name Pantogam). It is recommended to reduce the excitability of a motor character. A positive effect is detected within 25-30 days after the start of administration, but the full course can be 5-6 months.
Glycine. Best known as an anti-stress drug. Helps to relieve excessive excitability and irritability. It has a pronounced sedative effect, and also contributes to the normalization of metabolism in the body.
Cerebrolysin. It is used for serious lesions of the central nervous system, incl. useful in Alzheimer's disease. It is most often administered by injection, and is most widely used in the treatment of post-traumatic syndrome and the consequences of a stroke.
Encephabol. It can be prescribed for both adults and children, in the latter case, a suspension with additives that improve palatability is used. The drug belongs to strong neuroprotectors and antioxidants with high cognitive abilities.

Drugs of the latest generations

Pharmacology around the world is taking active measures to improve nootropics, resulting in more effective and safe drugs. The following nootropics have gained popularity:

Phezam - is used to normalize the blood supply to the brain, improve protein metabolism and energy. It has vasodilating properties.
Phenylpiracetam - necessary in the period after stroke rehabilitation. Often used to improve memory, concentration, to eliminate convulsive phenomena.
Noopept is especially effective for normalizing cognitive brain functions, eliminating anxiety and phobias, and chronic headaches of a neurogenic nature.
Selank - helps to relieve stress surges, eliminate the needy state. It increases the mental reaction, fights apathy and a gloomy mood.

In child psychiatry and pediatrics, nootropics also find their rightful place. For babies, these drugs are available in the form of granules for making syrup or in the form of ready-made syrup. The most characteristic appointment for cerebral, encephalopathic disorders, as well as a significant lag in intellectual development and lack of memory. For children, stimulant drugs such as Picamilon and Cogitum can be recommended, as well as drugs with a sedative effect - Cortexin and Phenibut.

Modern life is full of daily stresses. Problems at work, quarrels in the family or depression - all this not only spoils the mood, but also causes irreparable damage to the brain.

An excess of stressful situations negatively affects memory, slows down thought processes and affects the central nervous system. To avoid these consequences, scientists have invented nootropic drugs. In this article, we will review the list of new generation nootropics and their mechanism of action.

What are nootropics?

Nootropics are psychotropic drugs. They have a positive effect on the functioning of the brain, increasing its resistance to stress. Nootropics strengthen memory, enhance intellectual abilities and stimulate the desire to learn new information.

The prototypes of modern medicines were invented more than half a century ago. At that time, nootropics had one positive property - improved memory. With the development of medicine, it was possible to obtain new generation nootropics that have a complex effect on brain function.

Nootropics are included in the pharmacological group of psychostimulants, but have a number of important advantages over classic psychostimulants:

do not have a negative impact on a person;
do not correct brain activity;
do not slow down the physical reaction;
do not have a hypnotic effect;
do not cause dependence.

The main action of nootropics is the normalization of the central nervous system. Also, drugs protect the brain from mental illness, prevent the formation of blood clots and hypoxia. Medicines of nootropic action are prescribed to patients with ischemia, poisoning or brain injury.

Nootropics are divided into 2 types:

Single-tasking. Drugs showing one positive effect - improving memory;
Multitasking. Means that have antihypoxic, sedative and muscle relaxant effects.

Leading experts in pharmacology are still developing in the field of nootropics. Every year they become more effective, and the list of possible side effects is constantly decreasing. The list of nootropic drugs is regularly updated, which indicates their high efficiency and importance in medicine.

How do brain nootropics work?

A group of nootropics actively affects the functionality of the brain. The substance stimulates its work, enhances memory functions and normalizes mental activity. Nootropics act as a link to improve the interaction of the two hemispheres. Experts say that regular use of nootropics slows down the aging process.

Neurometabolic cerebroprotectors have their roots in biogenetics. These drugs stimulate increased glucose excretion and ATP formation, strengthen the interaction of proteins and ribonucleic acid (two of the three key macromolecules in the body).

There are 4 main mechanisms of action of nootropic substances:

Membrane stabilizers. Regenerate cell membranes, their structure and properties;
Antioxidants. Neutralize oxidative processes in the human body;
Antihypoxants. Normalize the excretion of oxygen from the body, thereby increasing resistance to hypoxia;
Neuroprotectors. Protect brain neurons from damage.

The impact of nootropics is enhanced in conjunction with psychostimulants. Similar combinations are prescribed for people suffering from severe disorders.

Nootropics - list of drugs

We present to your attention the best nootropics of the latest generation, which are widely used in various fields of modern medicine.

Piracetam (Nootropil). The drug is available in tablets or injection ampoules. Piracetam improves metabolism in the central nervous system and has a positive effect on blood circulation in the brain. The tool is used for speech disorders, memory impairment, frequent dizziness and viral diseases of neurons.

Pramiracetam. The drug is available in tablet form. The mechanism of action is similar to vitamin B4. Strengthens the main functions of the brain: memory, speech, perception, concentration. Pramiracetam is not characterized as a sedative. A more effective result is achieved with course therapy (1-2 months).

Important! People suffering from kidney failure should consult a doctor before starting the course.

Vinpocetine (Neurovin). Available in the form of tablets or injection solutions. Helps improve cerebral circulation. The drug is especially popular in neurology and ophthalmology in the elimination of pathological diseases of the retina. It is also used for hearing loss.

It is recommended to use the remedy for 1 to 2 months, depending on the disease and the dynamics of its course. Cancellation of the drug should be done gradually, reducing the dosage during the week. As the condition improves, the injections are replaced with a tablet form.

Phenibut (Noobut). The product is produced in powder, capsule and tablet forms. The substance fights the lack of oxygen in nerve cells and the deterioration of memory. It has a positive effect on both the mental and physical condition of a person. Eliminates anxiety, relieves depression and normalizes sleep patterns.

Important! It is necessary to combine Phenibut with sleeping pills with increased care, since the drug enhances the effect of the latter.

Nootropic is prescribed for disorders of the nervous system and the decline of intellectual abilities. A course therapy lasting from 1 to 2 months is recommended.

Pantogam. A common nootropic drug used in pediatric medicine. Produced in the form of tablets. Suppresses excessive excitability and hyperactivity in children. The effect of the application appears within 2-3 weeks after the start of the course. Duration of treatment - up to 6 months, depending on the patient's condition.

Glycine. The drug is in the form of tablets, which has a pronounced sedative effect. Helps the body cope with stress by suppressing anxiety and irritation.

Phezam. A nootropic that normalizes blood circulation in the brain. It has a positive effect on the work of the central nervous system, promotes vasodilation. Slightly affects the auditory and visual organs. The tool effectively fights against dizziness, memory loss, the consequences of a stroke or encephalitis.

The composition of the drug includes a bunch of two other nootropics (Piracetam and Cinnarizine). This bundle enhances the antihypoxic effect and accelerates metabolism in nerve cells.

Conclusion

We answered the main question: "Nootropic agent: what is it and how does it work?". The use of nootropics is absolutely safe if you consult a doctor in advance. A wide range of medicines will allow you to point to the problem, which will significantly speed up the treatment process.

Sobriety